The trail making test tmt is an evaluation tool that is sometimes used to screen for dementia by assessing cognitionthe ability to think, reason, and remember. In part b, the circles include both numbers 1 and letters a l. Please try not to lift the pen as you move from one number to the next. Halsteadreitan neuropsychologycal battery adult 15 interpretation.
Typical time for completion is about 30 seconds for trail making test a and about 60 seconds for trail making test b. Archives of clinical neuropsychology 23 2008 1297 trail making test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia lee ashendorfa,b, angela l. The aim of this study was to provide normative data for the adult brazilian population and to study the influence of gender, age and. Effects of age and education level on the trail making. Received 27 august 2010 received in revised form 7 january 2011 accepted 4 march 2011 available online 30 march 2011. The aim of this study was to examine the tmt relationships with several neuropsychological measures and to provide normative data in communitydwelling participants of 55 years and older. It consists of two parts in which the subject is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy. The trail making test tmt has been a useful assessment tool to investigate executive function. Form a is the standard test form on which normative data were collected and that should be used for clinical evaluation. Later, partington revised it in 1938, and renamed it as test of distributed attention 1.
Retains the sensitivity and specificity of the original trail making test but substitutes color for letters, making it more suitable in crosscultural and special needs contexts. The trail making test for children was administered to 268 subjects between the ages of 10 and 15 yr. Results the results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff point for trail making test a was 32 seconds and the cutoff point for trail making test b was 79 seconds. All subjects reported normal psychological histories. The trail making test may not be equivalent across cultures, i. The trail making test tmt is widely used in neuropsychological practice as part of a battery for detecting neuropsychological dysfunction. The study included 1,038 communitydwelling individuals aged between 18 and 93 years, who had educational backgrounds ranging from 3 to 22 years. The oral version of the trail making test otmt is a neuropsychological measure that provides an assessment of sequential setshifting without the motor and visual demands of the written tmt wtmt. The trail making test tmt and stroop test st are attention tests widely used in clinical practice and research. The trail making test tmt is one of the most frequently administered neuropsychological instruments, having been used in the evaluation of cognitive dysfunction for over 50 years. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship of the trail making test quotient trails b trails a with other common. Multicomponent analysis of a digital trail making test robert p. Trails a, which requires the individual to connect a sequence of 25 numbers in order.
Give the patient a copy of the trail making test part a worksheet and a pen or pencil. Cutoff point for the trail making test to predict unsafe. The trail making test results underwent a receiver operating characteristic analysis in each group. The trail making test tmt is a widely used test to assess executive function in patients with stroke. The trail making test tmt was developed as part of the army individual test battery 1944 and was used in 1946 by armitage to assess the effects of brain injury in soldiers. In this paper, norms are provided for the time scores derived from parts a and b, and for the ba difference. Please take the pencil and draw a line from one number to the next, in order. Look at demographic and obtained iq scores compare obtained scores with demographically based norms. Trail making test requires a student to create a trail with their pencil by connecting numbers, letters, and.
If your pages are thick and you cant see through to images on the reverse side, you can print pages 36 back to back so that slides 3 and 4 are on one sheet and slides 5 and 6 are on a second sheet. Advanced assessment and interpretation scott crooks, ncsp, s. In order to assess this hypothesis, normative samples from ten different countries were compared. Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Start at 1 point to the number, then go to 2 point, then go to 3 point, and so on. A normative study of the trail making test in korean. Halsteadreitan neuropsychologycal battery interpretation. Performance on the tmt decreased with increasing age and lower levels of education. Time the patient, as he or she follows the trail made by the numbers on the test. Trail making the following pages contain the forms used in the trail making test. Normative data for the latin american spanishspeak.
Trail making test in morocco, crosscultural neuropsychology, normative data 1. Red flags inability to follow a conversation, keep track. The test can provide information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive functioning. Trail making is an old 2part test developed for the united states army in the 1940s, 11 and used in the halsteadreitan neuropsychological battery. The data were collected from 287 adult italian subjects stratified by gender. The tmt part a consists of 25 circles on a piece of paper with the numbers 125 written. It is also sensitive to detecting several cognitive inpairments such as alzheimers disease and dementia. A comparison of normative data for the trail making test from.
Mar 02, 2010 the oral version of the trail making test otmt is a neuropsychological measure that provides an assessment of sequential setshifting without the motor and visual demands of the written tmt wtmt. The tmt has two parts that are referred to as the trail making test part a and the trail making test part b. Nov 24, 2014 the trail making test tmt is a neuropsychological paperform test that was initially developed by the us army during the second world war to evaluate overall performance in new recruits. Pdf administration and interpretation of trail making test. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for. To generate normative data on the trail making test tmt across 11 countries in latin america, with countryspecific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate.
Time the patient as heshe follows the trail made by the numbers on the test in. The aim of this study was to test whether a czech version of the trail making test tmt yields normative data scores that approximate those based on english north american and. Trails making test trails is a neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching. It is a timed test and the goal is to complete the tests accurately and as quickly as possible. Originally purposed to serve as an oral analog of the. Performance of an adult brazilian sample on the trail making. Today the trail making test is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests and is included in most test batteries. The trail making test was originally part of the army individual test battery 1944 and was then incorporated into the halstead reitan battery 1985. The trail making test as a screening instrument for driving. Test administrators are required to manually count the number of errors. Results the results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff point for trail making test a was 32 seconds and the cutoff point for trail making test b. Multicomponent analysis of a digital trail making test.
Part a is a timed measure of an individuals ability to join up a series of numbered circles in ascending order. In part a, the circles are numbered 1 25, and the patient should draw lines to connect the numbers in ascending order. A comparison of normative data for the trail making test. Successful performance of the tmt requires a variety of mental abilities including letter and number recognition mental flexibility, visual scanning, and motor function. For a test to be reliable and valid in clinical practice without the help of a trained neuropsychologist, it should be easy to administrate and not too time consuming, and the e. Trail making test an overview sciencedirect topics. Trail making test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and normal ageing. Trail making test psychology bibliographies cite this. Wtmta is a simple visual scanning task that requires one to draw a line connecting consecutive numbers from 1 to 25. Fellowsa, jessamyn dahmenb, diane cookb and maureen schmitteredgecombea adepartment of p sychology, washington s tate university, p ullman, wa, usa. How to avoid 3 common errors in dementia screening mdedge. Trail making test psychology bibliographies in harvard style. The trail making test a tmta reitan, 1955 measures attention and speed, and.
It can provide information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive functioning. What cognitive abilities are involved in trail making performance. Description of the trail making test the original form of trail making test was named the taylor number series. A comparison of normative data for the trail making test from several countries. Normative data for the trail making test tmt a and b are presented for 911 communitydwelling individuals aged 1889 years. A study to determine the norms for the trail making test. The trail making test tmt has been a useful tool for neuropsychological assessment. Equivalence of norms and considerations for interpretation. Jun 07, 20 the app includes a builtin timer button that provides a total time to completion.
Based on these results, the norms were stratified for both age 11 groups and education 2 levels. Time the patient as heshe follows the trail made by the numbers on the test in ascending order without lifting up pen or pencil. Pdf instrucciones trail making test elizabeth guerrero. Effects of age and education level on the trail making test. The trail making test tmt is used as an indicator of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and executive function. The main goal of this study was to produce normative data for the portuguese population on the trail making test tmt. Performance of an adult brazilian sample on the trail making test and stroop test. The aim of this study was to test whether a czech version of the trail making test tmt yields normative data scores that approximate those based on english north american and spanish normative. The results showed that sex, age, and education were significantly associated with tmt performance. Several studies have recently improved the existing tmt norms by mean of large samples of healthy individuals stratified by a number of demographic variables from different populations.
Salthouse department of psychology, university of virginia, charlottesville, va 29904, united states article info abstract article history. Trails automates the process of collecting results. In contrast, criticisms have been raised about the utility of norms from healthy samples to detect changes across. The trail making test tmt, which explores visualconceptual and visualmotor tracking, is a frequently used neuropsychological test because of its ease of administration and sensitivity to brain. Ebook or pdf edited book email encyclopedia article govt. Trail making test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive. The trail making test is a neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching. Performance of an adult brazilian sample on the trail. Discrepancy analysis and australian norms for the trail making test.
Jan 07, 2020 the relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. The trail making test is an accessible neuropsychological instrument that provides the examiner with information on a wide range of cognitive skills and can be completed in 510 min. A normative study of the trail making test in korean elders eun hyun seo1,2, dong young lee1,2, ki woong kim3, jung hie lee4, jin hyeong jhoo5, jong choul youn6, il han choo2, jin ha7 and jong inn woo1,3,8 1interdisciplinary program of cognitive science, seoul national university, seoul korea 2department of neuropsychiatry and clinical research institute, seoul national university hospital. Purpose of the measure the trail making test tmt is a widely used test to assess executive function in patients with stroke. What cognitive abilities are involved in trailmaking. Demonstrate the test to the patient using the sample sheet trail making part a sample. Trail making test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia. A normative study of the trail making test in korean elders eun hyun seo1,2, dong young lee1,2, ki woong kim3, jung hie lee4, jin hyeong jhoo5, jong choul youn6, il han choo2, jin ha7 and jong inn woo1,3,8. Average deficient rule of thumb trail a 29 seconds 78 seconds most in 90 seconds trail b 75 seconds 273 most in 3 minutes source. Tmta is primarily a measure of processing speed, while tmtb assesses higher cognitive abilities such as mental flexibility. The trail making test tmt, which explores visualconceptual and visualmotor tracking, is a frequently used neuropsychological test because of its ease of administration and sensitivity to brain damage. Discrepancy analysis and australian norms for the trail.
The trail making test is widely used internationally to investigate brain functioning. The trail making test tmt is an evaluation tool that has two parts that are referred to as the trail making test part a and the trail making test part b. This study examined the utility of the trail making test quotient trails b trails a in assessing executive functioning relative to that of common tests of executive function such as the wisconsin card sorting test, category test, and the stroop test. The trail making test tmt is a widely used test to assess executive abilities in patients with stroke. A normative study of the trail making test in korean elders. Both parts of the trail making test consist of 25 circles distributed over a sheet of paper.